From Mass Manufacturing to High-End Precision
The Development and Quality Evolution of Representative Chinese Movement Manufacturers
改革开放以来中国机芯质量提升与标准体系建设
Quality Improvement and Standard System Development of Chinese Watch Movements Since Reform and Opening-Up
改革开放以来，中国机芯制造业经历了从无到有、由弱到强的发展历程。这一过程中，国产机芯质量的系统性提升，离不开标准体系的持续建设与严格执行。
Since China’s Reform and Opening-up, the domestic watch movement industry has undergone a transformation from near non-existence to rapid growth, and from basic manufacturing to increasingly sophisticated capabilities. The sustained improvement in the quality of Chinese-made movements has been fundamentally driven by the establishment, refinement, and enforcement of a comprehensive standards system.
全国钟表标准化技术委员会（SAC/TC 160）长期主导国内钟表行业标准的制修订与推广工作。深圳市钟表质量检验中心（SWQC®）作为核心技术支撑单位，深度参与了相关标准的验证、实施推广以及企业技术指导，并在实践中引入和借鉴瑞士日内瓦印记等国际先进标准，不断完善机芯在走时精度、功能稳定性、防水、防磁等方面的质量规范（见 SWQC® 研讨会资料 [1])。
The National Watch Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC 160) has long been responsible for drafting, revising, and promoting national standards for China’s watch industry. As a key technical support institution, the Shenzhen Watch & Clock Quality Inspection Center (SWQC®) has played an active role in standard verification, implementation, and technical guidance for enterprises. In this process, SWQC® has drawn upon internationally recognized benchmarks—such as the Geneva Seal—to continuously refine quality requirements related to movement accuracy, functionality, water resistance, and anti-magnetic performance (see SWQC® technical seminars [1]).
此外，SWQC® 还定期组织技术研讨会和专业沙龙，推动标准的动态更新与行业质量意识的整体提升，倡导企业严格依照最新标准进行生产与检验，从而为国产机芯质量的持续进步奠定了坚实基础。[2][3]
In addition, SWQC® regularly organizes technical forums and professional workshops to facilitate standard updates and promote quality awareness across the industry. By encouraging enterprises to manufacture and inspect strictly in accordance with updated standards, these initiatives have provided solid institutional support for the continuous improvement of domestic movement quality.[2][3]
（图为SWQC®团队参加第二十八届粤港钟表研讨会，围绕大时代「钟表业的危与机」的主题，从“大湾区抢占商机”、“传统与科技融合”两大专题进行 深入的分享交流和探讨。)
质量检验机制对行业升级的激励作用。)
质量检验机制对行业升级的激励作用
How Quality Inspection Mechanisms Drive Industry Upgrading
在完善的标准体系基础上，以 SWQC® 为代表的第三方检测与认证机构，通过“严格检测、权威认证”的市场化机制，进一步倒逼行业向高质量发展转型。
Building upon an increasingly mature standards framework, third-party testing and certification bodies—represented by SWQC® —have further accelerated industry upgrading through rigorous testing and authoritative certification mechanisms.
在高端机芯检测中，SWQC® 系统性引入国际高端标准，例如日内瓦印记对机芯外观打磨的要求，以及天文台表走时精度测试方法。这些要求引导企业在机芯零部件加工、装饰和装配过程中不断提升精细化水平和长期可靠性。[4][3]
In the evaluation of high-end movements, SWQC has incorporated internationally recognized benchmarks, including the finishing criteria of the Geneva Seal and chronometer-level accuracy testing. These requirements have encouraged manufacturers to refine component finishing, assembly precision, and long-term reliability. [4][3]
近年来，北京表、海鸥等厂商在其高端系列中广泛采用手工倒角、鱼鳞纹打磨以及日内瓦波纹装饰工艺，使国产机芯在精密工艺和美学层面实现显著跃升。SWQC® 在认证与评估报告中对这些改进给予了专业认可与传播，进一步激励更多企业投入高端机芯制造[4][3]。
In recent years, manufacturers such as Beijing Watch and Sea-Gull have introduced extensive hand-finished anglage, perlage, and Geneva stripes in their high-end movements, significantly elevating the craftsmanship and aesthetic quality of Chinese movements. These improvements have been formally recognized in SWQC certification reports, motivating more enterprises to invest in high-precision movement manufacturing.[4][3]
与此同时，严格的计时精度测试和耐久性评估，也促使企业采用鹅颈微调、无卡度摆轮等高精度调校机构，并引入 CNC 加工结合手工抛光的实心功能簧，以取代传统简化结构。[5][6]
At the same time, stringent accuracy and durability testing has driven the adoption of high-precision regulating systems such as swan-neck fine adjustment mechanisms and free-sprung balances, as well as the use of solid steel functional springs manufactured via CNC machining combined with hand polishing, replacing outdated simplified designs.[5][6]
通过标准化与第三方检测的双重推动，中国制表业正逐步实现从“以价格竞争”为主，向“以质量和技术竞争”为核心的结构性转型。
Through the combined influence of standardized regulation and independent third-party inspection, China’s watch industry is undergoing a structural shift from price-driven competition toward quality- and technology-driven development.
国产机芯企业的发展历程与质量演进
Development History and Quality Evolution of Representative Chinese Movement Manufacturers
在上述行业环境和质量体系推动下，中国机芯制造领域涌现出一批具有代表性的骨干企业，包括天津海鸥、北京表、上海靖和、飞亚达以及辽宁丹东孔雀表业等。这些企业在技术能力、工艺水准和质量管理方面均实现了跨越式提升。
Under this evolving industrial and quality framework, a number of representative Chinese movement manufacturers—such as Sea-Gull, Beijing Watch, Shanghai Jinghe, FIYTA, and Peacock Watch—have achieved significant advances in technology, craftsmanship, and quality management.
天津海鸥表业集团有限公司
Tianjin Sea-Gull Watch Group Co., Ltd.
天津海鸥表业集团有限公司（前身为天津手表厂）是新中国钟表工业的重要奠基者。1955 年试制出中国第一枚国产机芯，1966 年成功研制出首款自主设计机芯 ST5[7]。
Tianjin Sea-Gull Watch Group, formerly Tianjin Watch Factory, is a pioneer of China’s modern watch industry. In 1955, it produced China’s first domestically made watch movement, followed by the first independently designed movement (ST5) in 1966[7].
改革开放后，海鸥在应对日本石英表冲击的过程中，坚持机械机芯研发路线，并逐步成长为中国规模最大的机芯制造商之一。当前，中国机械表机芯年产量已超过千万枚，约占全球产量的一半，其中海鸥机芯占据国内市场约 50%，全球市场约 25%[8]。
After Reform and Opening-up, Sea-Gull successfully navigated the quartz crisis by maintaining its focus on mechanical movement R&D. Today, China produces over ten million mechanical movements annually—approximately half of global output—with Sea-Gull accounting for roughly half of domestic production and about one quarter of the global market[8].
在规模优势之外，海鸥不断突破高端复杂功能技术：2004 年实现国产陀飞轮机芯量产，随后相继攻克万年历、三问报时等复杂功能，并多次在国际展会上亮相。2024 年，海鸥推出自主研发的硅游丝陀飞轮机芯，标志着国产机芯在材料与抗磁技术上的重大突破。
Beyond scale, Sea-Gull has made continuous breakthroughs in high-complication movements, including mass-produced tourbillons, perpetual calendars, and minute repeaters. In 2024, the company introduced its self-developed silicon hairspring tourbillon movement, marking a major milestone in materials science and anti-magnetic performance.
（图为天津海鸥表业集团有限公司精钢示能日历星辰24时陀飞轮腕表和18k玫瑰金日历月相双陀飞轮腕表。)
北京手表厂有限公司
Beijing Watch Factory Co., Ltd.
成立于 1958 年的北京手表厂，是中国高端机械表制造的重要代表。1996 年，北京表成功研制中国大陆第一枚陀飞轮腕表机芯（TB95），此后在双陀飞轮、三问报时、双轴立体陀飞轮等复杂领域持续突破。[9][10][11]
Founded in 1958, Beijing Watch Factory is a leading representative of high-end Chinese mechanical watchmaking. In 1996, it developed the first tourbillon wristwatch movement in China (TB95), followed by significant achievements in double tourbillons, minute repeaters, and multi-axis tourbillons.[9][10][11]
北京表同时以严格的质量管理和精细工艺著称，在无尘装配车间中实行多重检验与精密测试，确保机芯性能与工艺水准达到高端标准.[12]
Beijing Watch is also known for its rigorous quality control and meticulous craftsmanship, operating clean-room assembly lines with multiple inspection stages to ensure high precision and reliability.[12]
（图为北京手表厂有限公司东方文化系列-金龙戏珠陀飞轮和潜锋系列“一炷香”陀飞轮腕表。)
上海靖和实业有限公司
Shanghai Jinghe Industrial Co., Ltd.
上海靖和实业有限公司成立于 1995 年，是一家专注于机械机芯研发、制造与销售的专业化企业[13]。其产品涵盖多个自动机械机芯系列，并以稳定性能和严格质量控制在国内外市场建立了良好声誉。
Founded in 1995, Shanghai Jinghe Industrial Co., Ltd. specializes in mechanical movement R&D and manufacturing. Its automatic movement series are widely recognized for stability and consistent quality in both domestic and international markets [13].
（图为上海靖和实业有限公司JH7158和JH8501机芯。)
深圳飞亚达（集团）股份有限公司
FIYTA Group Co., Ltd.
飞亚达集团成立于 1987 年，是中国唯一上市的钟表企业。其研发能力和质量体系长期对标国际标准，并多次为中国航天任务提供专用计时装备，彰显了其在高可靠性计时领域的技术实力。[14][15][16]
Founded in 1987, FIYTA Group is China’s only publicly listed watch company. With internationally aligned R&D and quality systems, FIYTA has repeatedly supplied timing instruments for China’s space missions, demonstrating its expertise in high-reliability timekeeping.[14][15][16]
（图为飞亚达发布航天系列“太空漫步”主题腕表黑陶款和“小飞船”立体读时款。)
辽宁丹东孔雀表业有限公司（孔雀表）
Peacock Watch Co., Ltd., Dandong, Liaoning
孔雀表业前身创建于 1957 年，经历了辉煌、调整与复兴的发展周期。重组后，孔雀在陀飞轮、双追针计时、薄型自动机芯等高端领域取得系统性突破，并建立起从游丝到整机芯的完整自主研发体系。[18][21]
Founded in 1957, Peacock Watch has experienced periods of growth, decline, and revival. Following restructuring, it achieved comprehensive breakthroughs in tourbillons, rattrapante chronographs, and ultra-thin automatic movements, establishing full in-house capabilities across key components .[18][21]
（图为辽宁丹东孔雀表业有限公司超薄日历机心和超薄自动码表机芯。)
结语
Conclusion
在标准体系建设与第三方检测机制的双重推动下，中国机芯制造正稳步迈向高端化、精密化与国际化。以 SWQC® 为代表的质量基础设施，正在成为连接国产机芯与国际高端制表体系的重要桥梁。
Driven by robust standards and independent quality inspection mechanisms, Chinese movement manufacturing is advancing toward higher precision, sophistication, and global integration. Institutions such as SWQC® now play a critical role in bridging domestic innovation with international high-end watchmaking standards.
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] https://www.chinawatchtest.com
[7] [8] 天津海鸥表业集团有限公司
https://www.chinahorologe.com/companydetail.aspx?id=21
[9] [10] [11] 北京手表厂有限公司
https://www.chinahorologe.com/companydetail.aspx?id=17
[12] 探访北京手表厂，感受老牌国货崛起的骄傲
https://m.bjnews.com.cn/detail/162029767114109.html
[13] 自动机械手表, 自动机械机芯 來自 上海靖和实业有限公司
https://www.stylewatch.com/cn/generouswatch/
[14] [15] [16] 飞亚达品牌简介_飞亚达手表百科_飞亚达官网介绍|腕表之家xbiao.com
https://www.xbiao.com/fiyta/introduction.html
[17] [18] [19] [20] 一座轻工业老城 一个精密钟表新生——载誉60年 孔雀再“开屏”|腕表之家xbiao.com
https://www.xbiao.com/20170731/44705.html?mobile
[21] 厚植科创土壤 培育创新企业
https://www.ln.gov.cn/web/ywdt/zymtkln/2023052509222167811/index.shtml
图片来源:
[1]天津海鸥表业集团有限公司.关于我们,检索自 2025 年12 月26 日，
https://www.tjseagull.com/col.jsp?id=101
[2]北京手表厂有限公司，检索自 2025 年12 月26 日，
http://www.beijingwatch.com/index
[3]上海靖和实业有限公司.新闻中心.靖和动态.【2025香港国际钟表展】| 与靖和同行 探索机芯更多可能,检索自 2025 年12 月26日，
https://www.jingheshiye.com/jinghedongta/
[4]深圳飞亚达（集团）股份有限公司.新闻中心.媒体聚焦.飞亚达发布航天系列“太空漫步”主题腕表.飞亚达全新发布“小飞船”立体读时款手表,检索自 2025 年12 月26 日，
https://www.fiytagroup.com/MediaNews/
[5]辽宁丹东孔雀表业有限公司,检索自 2025 年12 月26 日，
https://www.cpeacockmovement.com
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